CRISPR-Cas系统在动物及植物中不同的递送方式研究进展*

CRISPR-Cas 系统的发现彻底改变了基因编辑技术领域，在多方面都有着广阔的前景。该系统主要有Cas 蛋白和单链向导RNA 组成，其功能的发挥高度依赖于各组分的有效递送。本篇综述对目前动植物中该系统组分 的常用递送方式进行详细总结，并分析其目前仍存在的问题。     

涎腺导管内癌的病理诊断及新进展

涎腺导管内癌(intraductal carcinoma,IDC)是一种主要发生在腮腺,在导管内或囊内生长为主的罕见肿瘤,但也可伴浸润性生长,生物学行为相对惰性。具有独特的形态学、免疫表型及分子遗传学特征。主要包括4种亚型:闰管型、顶浆分泌型、闰管-顶浆分泌混合型和嗜酸型。闰管型多数存在NCOA4-RET融合,个别存在STRN-ALK融合;混合型存在TRIM27-RET融合,顶浆分泌型具有PIK3CA和HRAS突变或TP53缺失;嗜酸型具有TRIM33-RET融合或BRAF V600E突变。目前多数观点认为与涎腺导管癌不同,即使存在浸润,仍具有良好的预后,罕见复发和淋巴结转移,无远处转移。因此精准诊断对于临床治疗的选择极其重要。     

Phacoemulsification,Intraocular Lens Implantation,Goniosynechialysis, and Pseudo-Pupilloplasty for Refractory Acute Primary Angle Closure with Atonic Dilated Pupil

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of prompt phacoemulsification, intraocular lens implantation, visco-goniosynechialysis, combined with pseudo-pupilloplasty for refractory acute primary angle closure (APAC) with atonic dilated pupil and to describe a feasible method of pupilloplasty.MethodsA consecutive series of refractory APAC patients who had atonic dilated pupil and undergone prompt phacoemulsification combined with pseudo-pupilloplasty at our center were retrospectively analyzed. Pseudo-pupilloplasty referred to a method of pupilloplasty which included 4.5-mm capsulorhexis, postoperative opacification of anterior capsule residue, and ultimate pseudo-pupil formation. Preoperative and postoperative measurements included intraocular pressure (IOP), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and anterior chamber depth (ACD). Intraoperative and postoperative complications were documented. The process of pseudo-pupil formation was also observed.ResultsA total of 20 eyes of 19 APAC patients were followed up for 19.7 ± 9.8 months. IOP was lowered from preoperative 44.0 ± 9.8 mmHg to 15.5 ± 2.6 mmHg at final visit (t = 11.945, P < 0.001). ACD was deepened from preoperative 1.77 ± 0.21 mm to 3.40 ± 0.20 mm at final visit (t = –27.711, P < 0.001). Twelve of 20 eyes had residual angle synechiae, whereas only 3 eyes needed anti-glaucoma medications. No severe complication was observed. All eyes had pseudo-pupil gradually formed within 3 months, accompanied with the gradual improvement of BCVA from preoperative 1.18 ± 0.55 to 0.58 ± 0.22, 0.26 ± 0.09, 0.11 ± 0.09, and 0.11 ± 0.09 at postoperative day 1, month 1, month 3, and last visit.ConclusionsPrompt phacoemulsification-goniosynechialysis is effective and safe for refractory APAC with atonic dilated pupil. Pseudo-pupilloplasty is a feasible procedure for pupil reconstruction.     

Hepatotoxicity of cantharidin is associated with the altered bile acid metabolism

Cantharidin (CTD) is an effective antitumor agent. However, it exhibits significant hepatotoxicity, the mechanism of which remains unclear. In this study, biochemical and histopathological analyses complemented with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS)-based targeted metabolomic analysis of bile acids (BAs) were employed to investigate CTD-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Sixteen male and female Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups: control and CTD (1.0 mg/kg) groups. Serum and liver samples were collected after 28 days of intervention. Biochemical, histopathological, and BA metabolomic analyses were performed for all samples. Further, the key biomarkers of CTD-induced hepatotoxicity were identified via multivariate and metabolic pathway analyses. In addition, metabolite–gene–enzyme network and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses were used to identify the signaling pathways related to CTD-induced hepatotoxicity. The results revealed significantly increased levels of biochemical indices (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total bile acid). Histopathological analysis revealed that the hepatocytes were damaged. Further, 20 endogenous BAs were quantitated via UHPLC-MS/MS, and multivariate and metabolic pathway analyses of BAs revealed that hyocholic acid, cholic acid, and chenodeoxycholic acid were the key biomarkers of CTD-induced hepatotoxicity. Meanwhile, primary and secondary BA biosynthesis and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism were found to be associated with the mechanism by which CTD induced hepatotoxicity in rats. This study provides useful insights for research on the mechanism of CTD-induced hepatotoxicity.     

卒中后认知障碍与软脑膜侧支循环的代偿程度及静脉溶栓治疗的相关性分析

目的：比较急性缺血性卒中患者卒中后认知障碍的发生与软脑膜侧支循环的代偿程度及是否接受静脉溶栓治疗的相关性。方法：前瞻性收集2019年1月至2021年3月在石河子市人民医院住院的急性前循环脑梗死患者161例，获取患者入院时人口学资料，包括是否溶栓、性别、合并症等；通过蒙特利尔认知评估量表（Montreal cognitive assessment,MoCA）评分、简易精神状态检查量表（mini mental state examination,MMSE）评分评估患者认知功能；入院时美国国立卫生院卒中量表（National Institute of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS）评分获取患者神经功能缺损症状；通过Blessed行为量表（Blessed behavior scale,BBS）评分评估患者的日常生活能力；通过区域软脑膜评分（regional leptomeningeal collateral score,rLMC）获取患者软脑膜侧支循环；根据卒中后6个月是否合并认知障碍分为认知障碍组和非认知障碍组，采用logistic多因素回归方法进行统计比较，分析2组患...     

七叶一枝花甾体皂苷种类及含量差异研究进展＊

重楼是我国传统的名贵中药，七叶一枝花为历版《中国药典》收载的重楼药材两个基原植物之一，具有清热解毒、消肿止痛、活血化瘀等功效，其主要活性成分为甾体皂苷类物质。由于重楼市场需求量剧增和七叶一枝花成药时间较长，导致大量依靠人工种植。然而，人工种植过程中产地、采收年限和采收月份都会影响七叶一枝花的甾体皂苷含量。本文系统地总结了七叶一枝花中主要活性成分甾体皂苷的种类，以及不同产地、不同生长年限及不同采收月份的七叶一枝花根茎中甾体皂苷含量差异的研究现状，以期为进一步研究七叶一枝花品质差异、野生资源驯化及规范化种植提供参考。